Research shows that the risk factors for pterygium fall under three categories: demographic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
- Older age: According to research, the risk of developing pterygium increases with age.
- Being male: Men are at greater risk of developing pterygium than women.
- Long-term exposure to sunlight: People who spend a lot of time outdoors are more likely to develop pterygium, especially in sunny climates. Ultraviolet (UV) rays play a key role in causing pterygium. UV radiation induces inflammatory cytokines, which causes excessive blood vessels, cells, and tissue to form.
- Excessive smoking and alcohol consumption: Cigarette smoking can cause inflammatory responses in the cornea, which can contribute to pterygium. Excessive alcohol intake can also increase the risk of pterygium.
- Family history of eye disease: People who have a family history of pterygium may be at higher risk for developing this condition.
- Exposure to certain allergens: Other agents that can increase your risk of pterygium are allergens such as dust, dirt, air pollution, and chemicals.
If you’re a male who smokes and drinks, has a family history of eye disease, is middle-aged, and spends a lot of time outdoors, you’re more likely to develop pterygium. These factors can occur all at once or individually. However, the condition can also occur without these factors.